1916 Celebrations

[deiseach]

Justine McCarthy wrote a great piece recently skewering the community of self-loathing that questions the validity of the Easter Rising:

HISTORIC REVISIONISM MEANS THE TRUTH IS STILL A CASUALTY OF THE RISING
by Justine McCarthy, "The Sunday Times", 17 January 2016

The delectably named actress Perdita Weeks, who plays a classic English rose beauty in RTE's Rebellion, has said it is "no wonder" that British school children such as herself were not taught about the Easter Rising, since England's treatment of the Irish was "absolutely appalling". In Ireland, this news comes as something of a thunderbolt, 100 years after the event. England was mean to Ireland? Some mistake, surely.

Since the dawn of this commemoration year, and in its bristling approach, the loudest commentary in Ireland about those five days that sowed the seeds of this independent Irish state has spewed scorn on the Rising. It has been variously disclaimed as antidemocratic, fanatical bloodlust; Catholic fundamentalism; uncalled for and unwanted. The tone underlying each charge is one of communal self-abased apology.

To whom are these apologists saying sorry? To the insurrectionists who were executed? No. To the people of Ireland whose country continued to be occupied for another six years? No. To whom then, as a baffled Weeks might wonder.

The commentariat, by and large, is mortified that England was caused bother while its back was turned, dealing with the First World War. Can you think of any other country that makes craven mea culpas to its former oppressor for exploiting an opportunity to gain its freedom? One of the glaring deficiencies of this commentary is its failure to imagine how different history might have turned out had the government in Westminster agreed to negotiate a peaceful handover of power without the need for bloodshed.

The night before he was executed in Kilmainham jail, Eammon Ceannt, one of the seven Proclamation signatories, wrote: "This generation can claim to have raised sons as brave as any that went before. And in the years to come, Ireland will honour those who risked all for her honour at Easter 1916." Ceannt's valedictory prophecy proves that Ireland's patriot dead were not right about everything. Their critics, however, would have us believe they were wrong about everything.

One of the most common refrains is that the leaders of the Rising had no mandate for it. What were they supposed to do? Commission an opinion poll from Behaviour & Attitudes or, maybe, hold a referendum? Remember, just 30% of men in Ireland (compared with 60% in England) and no women whatsoever were entitled to vote in the last election held before the Rising, in 1910.

While John Redmond's Irish Parliamentary Party won that election comprehensively, Ireland's political landscape changed significantly in the intervening six years. Westminster had put Home Rule on the long finger once again. Edward Carson's Ulster Volunteers, who had the support of the Tories, had smuggled in 25,000 guns, and 57 of 70 British army officers at the Curragh quit rather than take on Carson's force.

Today's commentators would have us believe that everyday life for the citizenry in Ireland mirrored England's. This is a fallacy. The Rising came three years after the Lockout and its concomitant destitution, with civilians in some of Europe's worst slums left dependent on soup kitchens. It was two years after Erskine Childers's gun-running to Howth on the Asgard when, in response to jeering by a crowd on Dublin's Bachelor's Walk, British soldiers fatally shot and bayonetted four civilians and injured 38 others.

Ireland was not a benign, untroubled place. The Rising took place 68 years after a million people died in the Famine, during which Charles Trevelyan, the assistant secretary to the treasury, exported Indian rice sent to feed the starving.

Common wisdom has it that, if the British had not turned nasty and executed the leaders, the Rising would never have won popular support. This assumes that, until the executions started, the British had behaved impeccably. It is another fallacy, as evidenced by the fate of Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, a pacifist arrested while trying to stop looters. He was taken as a hostage by an army raiding party in Rathmines, which was ordered to shoot him if it came under attack. Afterwards, they shot him dead by firing squad and never bothered telling his wife, Hanna, who was left to search the city for her husband.

In the absence of elections that genuinely gave the people their say, the second-best medium for assessing public opinion in 1916 is contemporary media coverage. This is largely dependent on the pro-establishment Irish Times and William Martin Murphy's Irish Independent. Murphy, a former Irish Parliamentary Party MP offered a knighthood by King Edward VII, was in the employers' vanguard against James Larkin in the Lockout. He was, therefore, not ideally placed to know or to express the mood of the majority. Even after the executions had commenced in Kilmainham jail, he was still writing in the Irish Independent that more of the leaders ought be put to death.

Ireland had its own powerful conservative class at the time of the Rising. They were stolid, middle-class men who wanted to keep the status quo because it served them well. They were the guardians of the establishment, with an Irish accent.

The insurgents, on the other hand, were a mixed bag. James Connolly was born in Edinburgh, Eamon de Valera in America, Tom Clarke in Hampshire. Roger Casement and Constance Markievicz were Protestants, as were Grace and Muriel Gifford. Ceannt's father was an RIC officer. John MacBride was a major in the Boer War. What bonded them was dissatisfaction with the status quo: they were nationalists, suffragists and intellectuals who yearned for a republic of equals. Their spiritual heirs still do.

To dismiss them as a handful of wrong-headed mavericks is a grievous fallacy. On Easter Monday, 1,200 men and women participated in Dublin's Rising. More than 3,500 were arrested after it. Had Eoin MacNeill not countermanded the rebellion order on Easter Monday, and had Casement's German guns not been intercepted in Kerry, who knows how many more would have taken part across the country.

Would the Rising have been the start of the Irish War of Independence? Most people do not glory in the deaths and injuries caused in 1916. Yet most people do ascribe to the right of a people to self-determination. It is a core principle of international law that a country should be free to choose its own sovereignty and political system, to set its own ethos and vision, to nurture its own culture and make its own mistakes. It is a principle rooted deep in human psychology, entangled in a mesh of self-respect and destiny, that no slanted history can undermine. When Ireland lost its economic sovereignty in 2010, the country better appreciated its hard-won self-determination.

Anti-imperialism was a growing movement around the world in the late 19th and early 20th century, but much of the analysis about Ireland suggests that independence was a mere bagatelle way down the list of a sane people's priorities. I, for one, am happy to have grown up in a self-governing country.

In the 100 years since the Rising, Ireland has endured a war of independence, a civil war and 30 years of the Northern Ireland Troubles. The propaganda war alone is the one that endures. The truth continues to rank foremost among its casualties.

[Hardy]

Finally, the Insurrection series is to be re-broadcast.

[muppet]

Good article Deiseach.

Her reference to the slums in Dublin and 'The Famine' (I hate that we call it that - it suggests there was only one famine) 68 years earlier is welcome but only scratches the surface.

At the start of the 20th century Ireland was the poorest country in Ireland. Localised famines were still happening in the West of Ireland (and surely elsewhere?) long after 'The Famine'. I have documentary evidence of famine in the West Mayo area as late as 1894. I seriously doubt the conditions that produced these famines had been dealt with by 1916.

Cromwell brought famine to Ireland in 1649-1652. The famine of 1740-1741 is estimated to have killed 38% of the population, a much higher percentage that the 1845-1849 famine. There were famines in the 1830s leading to food riots and starvation. The tithes were a cause of these famines and ironically this lead to protestant missions to help the starving in the poorer parts of Ireland. There was a big famine as late as 1879 although deaths were minimal.

In Germany there was famine in 1916 caused by the British blockade.

My point is to highlight the poverty in Ireland to a greater extent than the article. Survival was the priority for most people, certainly in the slums and most of rural Ireland.

[Farrandeelin]

I think the Gaeilge once again has the better name for 'the Famine'. It wasn't as if there was no food in the country, the Brits sent it for export.

As Mitchel (I think) coined the phrase; God brought blight, England brought the Famine.

[muppet]

I think the Gaeilge once again has the better name for 'the Famine'. It wasn't as if there was no food in the country, the Brits sent it for export.

As Mitchel (I think) coined the phrase; God brought blight, England brought the Famine.

An Gorta Mór.

Exactly.

[IolarCoisCuain]

I think the Gaeilge once again has the better name for 'the Famine'. It wasn't as if there was no food in the country, the Brits sent it for export.

As Mitchel (I think) coined the phrase; God brought blight, England brought the Famine.

An Gorta Mór.

Exactly.

I hate to do this but, for the sake of accuracy:

"An Gorta Mór" is a quasi-literal translation of the English phrase "The Great Hunger." I don't know where the phrase came from; I know Cecil Woodham-Smith's book on the Famine was called "The Great Hunger" and maybe that's how it stuck. The Great Hunger was published in 1962, and that's half-a-century ago now.

"An Gorta Mór" is not the "correct" Irish term for the Famine because the phrase  "An Gorta Mór" was not in contemporary use by Irish speakers during the famine. It only came into use afterwards - I would guess after the Woodham-Smith book, but I have no evidence for that. We have a distressing habit of translating an English word or phrase into poor Irish - Béarlachas, it's called, English-flavoured Irish - and pretending that it's been there all along. This is another example of that.

The correct Irish term for the Famine, and by correct I mean the one that was in use with Irish speakers at the time of the Famine, is "an drochshaol." Its literal translation is the bad life, but 'hard times' is probably more accurate to the idiom and the spirit of the thing. Again, as Farrandeelin points out, there wasn't a famine in the sense of a food shortage. The food was there all the time. It's just the peasants weren't let eat it.

[muppet]

Iolar, using your criterium of defining an event by how it was described at the time, WW1 would still be called the Great War.

I have heard of it described as 'an drochshaol' and this term frequently appears here: http://www.duchas.ie/en/cbes/ME, so I take your point.

But no matter what you call it, my point was simply that calling it The Famine, as almost everyone does nowadays, is very misleading. It could lead one to believe that there was only one famine.

[Farrandeelin]

Interesting Iolar. Something new learned everyday.

[Hardy]

I think the Gaeilge once again has the better name for 'the Famine'. It wasn't as if there was no food in the country, the Brits sent it for export.

As Mitchel (I think) coined the phrase; God brought blight, England brought the Famine.

An Gorta Mór.

Exactly.

I hate to do this but, for the sake of accuracy:

"An Gorta Mór" is a quasi-literal translation of the English phrase "The Great Hunger." I don't know where the phrase came from; I know Cecil Woodham-Smith's book on the Famine was called "The Great Hunger" and maybe that's how it stuck. The Great Hunger was published in 1962, and that's half-a-century ago now.

"An Gorta Mór" is not the "correct" Irish term for the Famine because the phrase  "An Gorta Mór" was not in contemporary use by Irish speakers during the famine. It only came into use afterwards - I would guess after the Woodham-Smith book, but I have no evidence for that. We have a distressing habit of translating an English word or phrase into poor Irish - Béarlachas, it's called, English-flavoured Irish - and pretending that it's been there all along. This is another example of that.

The correct Irish term for the Famine, and by correct I mean the one that was in use with Irish speakers at the time of the Famine, is "an drochshaol." Its literal translation is the bad life, but 'hard times' is probably more accurate to the idiom and the spirit of the thing. Again, as Farrandeelin points out, there wasn't a famine in the sense of a food shortage. The food was there all the time. It's just the peasants weren't let eat it.

Great post, Iolar.

(By trivial contrast with 'An Gorta Mór', my annoying example of Béarlachas is 'craic'.)

[ONeill]

Ach wise up. Do you think the great plague or the Black Death were called that at the time? Don't get on high horses.  In Donegal they said ' In am an gha' which is 'in the time of need' - masters of understatement.

[Rossfan]

  In Donegal they said ' In am an gha' which is 'in the time of need' - masters of understatement.

1919-23 The " troubled times"
1939-45 The " Emergency"

[blewuporstuffed]

http://www.irishnews.com/news/republicofirelandnews/2016/03/10/news/don-t-tell-the-bride-features-1916-rising-themed-same-sex-marriage-446117/?param=ds441rif44T
DUP heads are exploding this very minute

[muppet]

http://www.irishnews.com/news/republicofirelandnews/2016/03/10/news/don-t-tell-the-bride-features-1916-rising-themed-same-sex-marriage-446117/?param=ds441rif44T
DUP heads are exploding this very minute

Some of them will be secretly rising.

[Orior]

http://www.irishnews.com/news/republicofirelandnews/2016/03/10/news/don-t-tell-the-bride-features-1916-rising-themed-same-sex-marriage-446117/?param=ds441rif44T
DUP heads are exploding this very minute

Some of them will be secretly rising.

LOL 123

[IolarCoisCuain]

http://www.irishnews.com/news/republicofirelandnews/2016/03/10/news/don-t-tell-the-bride-features-1916-rising-themed-same-sex-marriage-446117/?param=ds441rif44T
DUP heads are exploding this very minute

Some of them will be secretly rising.

Heh heh heh.